In the urinary system, the bladder plays the role of a collector-storage collector: exhausted blood filter products come from the kidneys through the ureters.It is thanks to the bladder and two muscle rings, one of which obeys conscious commands of the central nervous system, a healthy person can carry out urination as necessary, need and opportunity.The “possibility” in the early stages of evolution was meant, first of all, a safe atmosphere;With the advent and development of human civilization, urination began to demand special conditions, that is, a break in social activity, a specially designed place and/or solitude from representatives of the opposite sex.
Cystitis is an inflammatory process on the internal walls of the bladder;A disease that causes pronounced physiological and psychological discomfort, as well as a certain social maladaptation.A person of any age and gender can face this misfortune, but it is no coincidence that cystitis is sometimes called a curse of a modern woman (it would be more correct to say “one of the curses”, since this is not the only such disease).The main reason lies in anatomy: compared to the male female urethra (urethra) is much shorter, more elastic, wider and more straight.This creates extremely convenient “gates” for the penetration of ascending urogenital infections, the prevalence and variety of which in the modern world is really very great.And although not every cystitis has an infectious nature, it is the described mechanism of its development that is a key factor in inter-shower epidemiological differences: according to different sources, in women of active age, cystitis occurs 6-8 times more often than in men.
In general, statistical analysis allows you to evaluate the problem in a variety of angles.So, many sources indicate that at least a single attack of cystitis during life is experiencing at least half of all women;At a minimum, every fourth is sick periodically or chronically (some authors even consider these data very low, since not all sick people seek a doctor).According to medical documentation, in clinics, among all urological patients, the share of patients with cystitis reaches 67%;In urological hospitals, this indicator is 5-12% (in other words, the percentage of hospitalization in cystitis is also very high, which once again confirms the social significance of this disease).The frequencies of acute and chronic forms are approximately 2: 1.
The difference in the incidence between the floors is leveled to the elderly and senile age: in older age categories, the proportion of men primaryly sick with cystitis is comparable to a similar percentage of women.But in a mature, young, young (and sometimes in teenage or even child) age, when to live, it would seem, be rejoiced!- Cystitis lies in wait and chooses mainly women.
Reasons
From infections, the wall of the bladder is protected by nature, in principle, well enough;The predominance of the infectious etiology of cystitis is not due to vulnerability as such, but by a combination of a high probability of infection with adverse external and internal conditions, most of which are somehow connected with the way of life.The main risk factors include any acute and chronic infections in other body systems (from caries and colitis to acute respiratory viral infections - sexually transmitted diseases), hypothermia, hypovitaminosis, after surgical depletion, unhealthy diet, overwork and permanent sleep deficiency, psycho -emotional stresses, random sex (especially “non -traditional” ”and extreme practices), preference for synthetic linen, insufficient hygiene (it is difficult to imagine how hygienic skills and needs can be insufficient in the 21st century, and yet this factor remains significant).Separately, it should be said that any congestion is extremely dangerous for the genitourinary system, whether it is frequent constipation, very dynamic professions, a forced need or just the habit of “enduring to the last” between the campaigns of the restroom, urolithiasis, urethral stricture, etc.Returning to the question of the statistical differences between the sexes, we mention another, in addition to the anatomical, the cause of the endocrine, namely, the fluctuations of the hormonal background (in particular, the exacerbations of cystitis associated with the phase of the menstrual cycle, pregnancy or menopause are separately considered in the literature).
We also note that the infection can penetrate into the bladder not only ascending, but also descending paths - from the kidney affected by nephritis.
Non-infectious forms include chemical-toxic (including drugs), allergic, radiation, traumatic, parasitic.
Symptoms
Classical symptoms of cystitis include, first of all, intensive discomfort during urination: rub, pain, burning, etc.Often, urination leaves the feeling that the bladder is not completely emptied;Many patients complain of repeated or false urge, notice the “leakage” of urine in linen or the imperative nature of the urge (for, again, anatomical reasons are more inherent in women who often “do not have time to run” and therefore are forced to constantly stay closer to the toilet).In some cases, clouding or an admixture of blood in the urine is revealed;Hematuria should be said to be the most dangerous urological symptom and requires immediate differential diagnosis, since the presence of blood in the urine can be caused not only by cystitis, but also for the causes of life.
It is typical and, as a rule, severely expressed with cystitis of the pain syndrome: pulling or spicy, bursting or aching pains in the lower abdomen, often with irradiation in the crotch or back.Without such or similar pain, no more than 10% of all cystitis proceeds.With a sufficient immune response, general malaise, fever, weakness, headache are often intense.
The most likely and severe complications of cystitis include the so -calledIts interstitial form, when not only the mucous, but also a deeper muscle layer of bubble walls is involved in the inflammatory process (ultimately this can lead to the wrinkling of the bubble and its pronounced failure), as well as the spread of infection to adjacent organs, where it can cause very, very serious consequences (pyelonephritis, infertility, etc.).
Diagnostics
In addition to a clinical survey and a standard urological inspection (however, many women prefer to treat cystitis not to a urologist, but to “their” gynecologist), laboratory tests are primarily prescribed.To date, a lot of all kinds of methods for detecting pathogen is successfully used - as shown above, the most likely cause should always be considered a bacterial, viral or fungal infection.As diagnostic necessity, ultrasound, less than cystoscopy, less than cystography, biopsy and other studies are also prescribed.
Diagnostics
In addition to a clinical survey and a standard urological inspection (however, many women prefer to treat cystitis not to a urologist, but to “their” gynecologist), laboratory tests are primarily prescribed.To date, a lot of all kinds of methods for detecting pathogen is successfully used - as shown above, the most likely cause should always be considered a bacterial, viral or fungal infection.As diagnostic necessity, an ultrasound, an internal study of the bladder, an X -ray study of the bladder, biopsy and other studies are also prescribed.
Treatment
Acute cystitis into chronic turns often, easily and insidious: the gradual reduction of symptoms, even its complete disappearance, does not mean recovery at all.Therefore, the signs of cystitis described above in any of their combinations (especially since these symptoms are inherent in many other urological diseases) require an immediate visit to the doctor, and not patient expectation, while “passes through”.Along the way, we note that a huge number of good, smart, friendly, proven for centuries and other similar tips on the Internet (where you can find recommendations in the range from quite reasonable to schizophrenic or fraudulent) is one of the factors of frequent chronic and complications of cystitis.
Based on the results of the diagnostic examination, a particular, always strictly individual treatment regimen is always prescribed, aimed, first of all, to eliminate the cause of inflammation.In different cases, antibiotics, antiviral, antifungal drugs, immunomodulators and immunostimulants, antihistamines and anti -inflammatory drugs, and antispasmodics can be used.The sanitation of chronic foci of infection in other areas is required, as well as the treatment of background diseases (nephrolithiasis, prostate adenoma, etc.).In addition, a diet, increased fluid intake and sparing regime in order to avoid hypothermia and other risk factors are required.Phytotherapeutic agents are prescribed exclusively by a doctor, and he also controls the effectiveness of their administration.
Subject to these conditions, cystitis is cured.